Kenneth J. Meier
JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS
(Click the Citation Below for a Link to the Relevant Online Article Repository)
“Bureaucracy and the People: Is the Higher Federal Service Representative?” The Bureaucrat 4 (1975), 300-308, with
Lloyd G. Nigro.
“Client Representation in USDA Bureaus: Causes and Consequences.” Policy Studies Journal 6 (Summer 1978), 484-488.
“Constraints on Affirmative Action.” Policy Studies Journal 7 (Winter 1978), 208-213.
“Style Issue Voting: By the Strength of the Echo.” Political Behavior 1 (Fall 1979), 203-215, with James Campbell.
“The Impact of Regulatory Agency Structure: IRCs or DRAs?” Southern Review of Public Administration 3 (March 1980), 427-443.
“Interest Groups and Public Policy.” Social Science Quarterly 64 (September 1983), 641-646, with Gary W.
Copeland.
“Second Generation Educational Discrimination and White Flight from Public Schools.” National Political Science Review 1 (Summer 1989), 76-90, with Joseph Stewart and Robert England.
“The Politics of Insurance Regulation.” Journal of Risk and Insurance 58 (December 1991), 700-713.
“Politics and the Quality of Education: Improving Student Performance.” Political Research Quarterly 48 (June 1995), 329-344, with Kevin B. Smith.
“Public Choice in Education: Markets and the Demand for Quality Education.” Political Research Quarterly 48 (September 1995), 461-478, with Kevin B. Smith.
“Politics, Bureaucracy, and Agricultural Policy: An Alternative View of Political Control.” American Politics Quarterly 22 (October 1995), 427-460 with Robert Wrinkle and J.L. Polinard.
“The Influence of Educational and Political Resources on Minority Students' Success.” Journal of Negro Education 64 (Fall 1995), 463-474, with J.L. Polinard and Robert W. Wrinkle.
“Statutory Coherence and Policy Implementation: The Case of Family Planning.” Journal of Public Policy 15 (No. 3, 1996), 281-298, with Deborah R. McFarlane.
“Policy Design, Bureaucratic Incentives and Public Management: The Case of Child Support Enforcement.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 6 (July 1996), 337-364, with Lael R. Keiser.
“The Politics of Gay and Lesbian Rights: Expanding the Scope of the Conflict.” Journal of Politics 58 (May 1996), 332-49, with Donald P. Haider-Markel.
“Assessing the Impact of State Level Restrictions on Abortion.” Demography 33 (August 1996), 307-312, with Donald P. Haider-Markel, Anthony Stanislawski, and Deborah R. McFarlane.
“Public Administration as a Science of the Artificial: A Methodology for Prescription.” Public Administration Review 56 (September/October, 1996), 459-466, with Lael R. Keiser.
“Ethnicity and Non-Electoral Political Participation.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science 18 (May 1996), 142-53 with Robert Wrinkle, Joseph Stewart, J.L. Polinard, and John Arvizu.
“Regulatory Policy When Behavior is Addictive: Smoking, Cigarette Taxes and Bootlegging.” Political Research Quarterly 50 (March 1997), 5-24 with Michael J. Licari.
“Cigarette Taxes, Smoking and Public Health: 1955-1994.” American Journal of Public Health 87 (July 1997), 1126-30, with Michael J. Licari.
“Bureaucracy and Democracy: The Case for Less Democracy and More Bureaucracy.” Public Administration Review 57 (May/June 1997), 193-99.
“Do Different Funding Mechanisms Produce Different Results? The Case for Earmarking Family Planning Expenditures.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 23 (June 1998), 423-454 with Deborah R. McFarlane.
“Principal-Agent Models: An Expansion?” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 8 (April 1998), 173-202 with Richard Waterman.
“Gender Neutral Automobile-Insurance Rates: Have They Made a Difference?” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 16 (1998), 505-516, with Anthony J. Stanislawski.
“Politics, Bureaucracy and Farm Credit.” Public Administration Review 59 (July/August 1999), 293-302, with Robert D. Wrinkle and J. L. Polinard.
“Equity Versus Excellence in Organizations: An Application of Substantively Weighted Least Squares.” American Review of Public Administration 29 (March 1999), 5-18, with Robert D. Wrinkle and J.L. Polinard.
“Representative Bureaucracy and Minority Student Performance: The Interaction of Resources and Representation.” Journal of Public Management and Social Policy 5 (Summer 1999), 85-96 with Robert D. Wrinkle and J.L.
Polinard.
“Representative Bureaucracy and Distributional Equity: Addressing the Hard Question.” Journal of Politics 61 (November 1999), 1025-39 with Robert D. Wrinkle and J. L. Polinard.
“Modeling the Impact of Public Management: The Implications of Structural Context.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 9 (October 1999), 505-526, with Laurence J. O'Toole.
“Drugs, Sex, Rock and Roll: A Theory of Morality Politics.” Policy Studies Journal 27 (December 1999), 681-695.
“Goal Displacement: Assessing the Motivation for Organizational Cheating.” Public Administration Review 60 (March/April 2000), 173-182 with John Bohte.
“Micheal Giles and Mancur Olson Meet Vincent Ostrom: Jurisdiction Size and Latino Representation.” Social Science Quarterly 81 (March, 2000), 123-135, with Robert D. Wrinkle and J.L. Polinard.
“Public Administration Research and Practice: A Methodological Manifesto.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 10 (January 2000), 157-200 with Jeff Gill.
“Ode to Luther Gulick: Span of Control and Organizational Performance.” Administration & Society 32 (May 2000), 115-137, with John Bohte.
“Bureaucracy and Organizational Performance: Causality Arguments about Public Schools.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (July 2000), 590-603 with Robert Wrinkle and J.L. Polinard.
“Regulation and Signaling: When a Tax Is Not Just a Tax.” Journal of Politics 62 (August 2000), 875-885, with Michael J. Licari.
“The Marble Cake: Introducing Federalism to the Government Growth Equation.” Publius 30 (Summer 2000), 35-46 with John Bohte.
“Ralph's Pretty Good Grocery Versus Ralph's Super Market: Separating Excellent Agencies from the Good Ones.” 61 Public Administration Review (January/February 2001), 9-17, with Jeff Gill.
“Zen and the Art of Policy Analysis.” Journal of Politics 63 (May 2001), 616-29, with Warren Eller, Robert Wrinkle and J.L. Polinard.
“Managerial Strategies and Behavior in Networks: A Model with Evidence from U.S. Public Education.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 11 (July 2001), 271-295, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Structure and the Performance of Public Organizations: Task Difficulty and Span of Control.” Public Organization Review 1 (Number 3, 2001), 341-354 with John Bohte.
“Structure and Discretion: Missing Links in Representative Bureaucracy.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 11 (October 2001), 455-470 with John Bohte.
“A Research Agenda on Elections and Education.” Educational Policy 16 (January/March 2002), 219-230.
“Gender Differences in Agency Head Salaries: The Case of Public Education.” Public Administration Review 62 (July/August 2002), 397-403 with Vicky M. Wilkins.
“Lipstick and Logarithms: Gender, Institutional Context and Representative Bureaucracy.” American Political Science Review 96 (September 2002), 553-564 with Lael R. Keiser, Vicky Wilkins, and Catherine Holland.
“Public Management and Organizational Performance: The Impact of Managerial Quality.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21 (Fall 2002), 629-643 with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Size Doesn’t Matter: In Defense of Single State Studies.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 2 (Winter 2002), 411-422, with Sean Nicholson-Crotty.
“Span of Control and Public Organizations: Implementing Luther Gulick’s Research Design.” Public Administration Review 63 (January/February 2003), 22-31 with John Bohte.
“Crime and Punishment: The Politics of Federal Criminal Justice Sanctions.” Political Research Quarterly 56 (June 2003), 119-26 with Sean Nicholson-Crotty.
“Not with a Bang but a Whimper: Explaining Organizational Failures.” Administration & Society 35 (March 2003), 104-121 with John Bohte.
“The Politics of Structure in Higher Education: Bureaucracy and Access to Education.” Educational Policy 17 (January and March 2003), 98-120, with Jill Nicholson-Crotty.
“Plus ça Change: Public Management, Personnel Stability, and Organizational Performance.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 13 (January 2003), 43-64 with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Public Management and Educational Performance: The Impact of Managerial Networking.” Public Administration Review 63 (November/December, 2003), 675-685, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Legislative Victory, Electoral Uncertainty: Explaining Outcomes in the Battles over Lesbian and Gay Civil Rights.” Review of Policy Research 20 (Winter 2003), 671-690, with Donald P. Haider-Markel.
“Multilevel Governance and Organizational Performance: Investigating the Political-Bureaucratic Labyrinth.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 23 (Winter 2004), 31-48, with Laurence J. O’Toole and Sean Nicholson-Crotty.
“Parkinson’s Law and the New Public Management? Contracting Determinants and Service Quality Consequences in Public Education.” Public Administration Review 64 (May/June 2004), 342-352 with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Desperately Seeking Selznick: Cooptation and the Dark Side of Public Management in Networks.” Public Administration Review 64 (November/December 2004), 681-693 with Laurence J. O’Toole, Jr.
“Divided or Together? Conflict and Cooperation between African Americans and Latinos.” Political Research Quarterly 57 (September 2004), 399-409 with Paula D. McClain, Robert D. Wrinkle, and J.L. Polinard.
“The Politics of Latino Education: The Biases of At-Large Elections.” Journal of Politics 66 (November 2004), 1224-1244 with David Leal and Valerie Martinez-Ebers.
“A Lingering Question of Priorities: Athletic Budgets and Academic Performance Revisited.” Review of Policy Research 21 (November 2004), 799-808, with Scott Robinson, Warren Eller, Miner P. Marchbanks, III, Robert D. Wrinkle and J.L. Polinard.
“Public Management in Intergovernmental Networks: Matching Structural Networks and Managerial Networking.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 14 (October 2004), 469-495 with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Race, Sex and Clarence Thomas: Representation Change in the EEOC.” Public Administration Review 65 (March
/April 2005), 171-179, with Warren Eller and Michael Pennington.
“Managing Upward, Downward, and Outward: Networks, Hierarchical Relationships and Performance.” Public
Management Review 7 (Issue 1 2005), 45-68, with Laurence J. O’Toole and Sean Nicholson-Crotty.
“Representative Bureaucracy, Organizational Strategy and Public Service Performance: An Empirical Analysis of English Local Governments.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 15 (October 2005), 489-504, with Rhys Andrews, George A. Boyne, Laurence J. O’Toole, and Richard Walker.
“Structural Choices and Representational Biases: The Post-Election Color of Representation.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (October 2005), 758-769, with Eric Gonzalez Juenke, Robert D. Wrinkle, and J.L. Polinard.
“Where Next? Research Directions on Performance in Public Organizations.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 15 (October 2005), 633-639, with George Boyne, Laurence J. O’Toole, and Richard Walker.
“Managerial Networking: Issues of Measurement and Research Design.” Administration & Society 37 (November 2005), 523-541, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Public Administration and the Myth of Positivism: The AntiChrist’s View.” Administrative Theory and Praxis 27 (December 2005), 650-668.
“Political Control Versus Bureaucratic Values: Reframing the Debate.” Public Administration Review 66 (March/April 2006), 177-192, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Management Activity and Program Performance: Gender as Management Capital.” Public Administration Review 66 (January/February 2006), 24-36, with Laurence J. O’Toole and Holly T. Goerdel.
“Gender, Representative Bureaucracy, and Law Enforcement: The Case of Sexual Assault.” Public Administration Review 66 (November/December 2006), 850-860, with Jill Nicholson-Crotty.
“Gender and Emotional Labor in Public Organizations: An Empirical Examination of the Link to Performance.” Public Administration Review 66 (November/December 2006), 899-910, with Sharon H. Mastracci and Kristin Wilson.
“Path Dependence and Organizational Behavior: Bureaucracy and Social Promotion.” American Review of Public Administration 36 (Number 3 2006), 241-260, with Scott Robinson.
“Le lien entre represéntativité passive et active de l’administration.” [The Linkages between Active and Passive Bureaucratic Representation] Revue française d’Administration publique (Number 118, 2006), 265-280, with Daniel Hawes.
“The Role of Management in Improving Performance of Disadvantaged Students: An Application of Bum Phillips’ ‘Don Shula Rule.’” Review of Policy Research 23 (September 2006), with Alisa Hicklin, Daniel Hawes, Rene Rocha and Carl Doerfler, 1095-1110.
“Networking in the Penumbra: Public Management, Cooptative Links, and Distributional Consequences.”
International Public Management Journal 9 (Number 3, 2006), 271-294, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Explaining Policy Punctuations: Bureaucratic Centralization, Organizational Size and the Punctuated Equilibrium Theory of Public Agency Budgets.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (February 2007), 140-150, with Scott Robinson, Floun’say Caver, and Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Public Management and the Administrative Conservator: Empirical Support for Larry Terry’s Prescriptions.” Administrative Theory and Praxis 19 (March 2007), 148-156, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Strategic Management and the Performance of Public Organizations: Testing Venerable Ideas against Recent Theories.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 17 (July 2007), 357-379, with Laurence J. O’Toole, George A. Boyne and Richard Walker.
“It’s Where You Are that Matters: The Networking Behaviour of English Local Government Officers.” Public Administration 85 (Number 3, 2007), 739-756, with Richard Walker and Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Networking in Comparative Context: Public Managers in the US and UK.” Public Management Review 9
(September 2007), 401-420, with Laurence J. O’Toole, Richard Walker, and George Boyne.
“Modeling Public Management: Empirical Analysis of the Management-Performance Nexus.” Public Management Review 9 (December 2007), 503-527, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Management Theory and Occam’s Razor: How Public Organizations Buffer the Environment.” Administration & Society 39 (January 2008), 931-959, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Serpents in the Sand: Managerial Networking and Nonlinear Influences on Organizational Performance.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18 (Number 2, 2008), 253-274, with Alisa K. Hicklin and Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Trading Speed for Accuracy? Managing Goal Conflict and Accommodation in the U.S. Unemployment Insurance Program.” Policy Studies Journal 36 (May 2008), 175-198, with Jeffrey B. Wenger and Laurence J. O’Toole.
“The Scientific Study of Public Administration: A Short Essay on the State of the Field.” International Review of Public Administration 13 (Number 1, 2008), 1-10.
“Race, Structure and State Governments: The Politics of Higher Education Diversity.” Journal of Politics 70 (July 2008), 851-861, with Alisa K. Hicklin.
“Employee Turnover and Organizational Performance: Testing a Hypothesis from Classical Public Administration,” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18 (October 2008), 573-590, with Alisa K. Hicklin.
“Environmental Turbulence, Organizational Stability, and Public Service Performance.” Administration & Society 40(January 2009), 799-824, with George A. Boyne.
“The Proverbs of New Public Management: Lessons from an Evidence-Based Research Agenda.” American Review of Public Administration 39 (January 2009), 4-22, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“EU Accession and Public Service Performance.” Policy & Politics 37 (Number 1, 2009), 19-37, with Rhys Andrews, George A. Boyne, Laurence J. O’Toole and Richard M. Walker.
“Ethnic Conflict in France: A Case for Representative Bureaucracy?” American Review of Public Administration 39 (May 2009), 269-285, with Daniel P. Hawes.
“Environmental Change, Human Resources and Organizational Turnaround.” Journal of Management Studies 46 (July 2009), 835-63, with George A. Boyne.
“The Human Side of Public Organizations: Contributions to Organizational Performance.” American Review of Public Administration 39 (September 2009), 499-518, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“The Dog that Didn’t Bark: How Public Managers Handle Environmental Shocks.” Public Administration 87 (Issue 3, 2009), 485-502, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Looking for Their Dick Vermeil: How Prior Performance Influences the Selection Decision.” Public Organization Review 9 (March 2009), 1-14, with Madinah Hamidullah and Vicky Wilkins.
“I’ve Seen Fire and I’ve Seen Rain: Public Management and Performance after a Natural Disaster.” Administration & Society 41 (January 2010), 979-1003, with Laurence J. O’Toole and Alisa K. Hicklin.
“In Defense of Bureaucracy: Public Managerial Capacity, Slack, and the Dampening of Environmental Shocks.” Public Management Review 12 (May 2010), 341-362 with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Alignment and Results: Testing the Interaction Effects of Strategy, Structure and Environment from Miles and Snow.” Administration & Society 42 (Number 2, 2010), 160-192, with Rhys Andrews, George A. Boyne, Laurence J. O’Toole and Richard M. Walker.
“Wakeup Call: Strategic Management, Network Alarms, and Performance.” Public Administration Review 70 (Sept/Oct 2010), 731-741, with Rhys Andrews, George A. Boyne, Laurence J. O’Toole and Richard M. Walker.
“Beware of Managers Not Bearing Gifts: How Management Capacity Augments the Impact of Managerial
Networking.” Public Administration 88 (December 2010), 1025-1044, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Governance, Structure, and Democracy: Luther Gulick and Future of Public Administration.” Public Administration Review 20 (Special Issue 2010), S284-S292.
“Managing Migration: How Some Councils Cope Better than Others.” Public Policy Research 17 (February 2011), 207-213, with Rhys Andrews, George Boyne, Laurence O’Toole and Richard Walker.
“Comparing Public and Private Management: Theoretical Expectations.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21 (Supplement 3, July 2011), i283-301, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Environmental and Organizational Determinants of External Networking.” American Review of Public Administration 41 (July 2011), 355-374, with Rhys Andrews, George Boyne, Laurence O’Toole and Richard Walker.
“Vertical Strategic Alignment and Public Service Performance.” Public Administration 90 (Number 1 2012), 77-98, with Rhys Andrews, George Boyne, Laurence O’Toole and Richard Walker.
“Latino Heterogeneity and the Politics of Education: The Role of Context.” Social Science Quarterly 93 (September 2012), 732-749, with Erin K. Melton.
“Subjective Organizational Performance and Measurement Error: Common Source Bias and Spurious Relationships.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 23 (April 2013), 429-456, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Social Capital in the Fifty States: Measuring State-Level Social Capital 1986-2004.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 13 (March 2013), 121-138, with Rene R. Rocha and Daniel P. Hawes.
“Managing Migration? EU Enlargement, Local Government Capacity and Performance in England.” Public
Administration 91 (March 2013), 174-194, with Rhys Andrews, George Boyne, Laurence O’Toole and Richard Walker.
“The Multiple Dimensions of Managerial Networking.” American Review of Public Administration 43 (Number 3, 2013), 251-272, with René Torenvlied, Agnes Akkerman, and Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Evaluating Urban Public Schools: Parents, Teachers and State Assessments.” Public Administration Review 73 (May/June 2013), 401-412, with Nathan Favero.
“I Think (I Am Doing Well), Therefore I Am: Assessing the Validity of Administrators’ Self-assessments of Performance.” International Public Management Journal 16 (Number 1, 2013), 1-27, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Burdened by Bureaucracy: Determinants of Administrative Intensity in Public Organizations.” International Public Management Journal 16 (Number 2 2013), 307-327, with George A. Boyne.
“Representative Bureaucracy and Fire Service Performance.” International Public Management Journal 17 (Number 1 2014), 1-24, with Rhys Andrews and Rachel Ashworth.
“Taxes, Incentives, and Economic Growth: Assessing the Impact of Pro-business Taxes on U.S. State Economies.” Journal of Politics 76 (April 2014), 364-380, with Soledad Artiz Prillaman.
“Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics.” American Political Science Review 108 (May 2014), 265-280, with Amanda Rutherford.
“Public Management, Context, and Performance: In Quest of a More General Theory.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 25 (January 2015), 237-256, with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Replenishing Our Theoretical Capital: An Introduction to the Public Management Theory Symposium.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 25 (January 2015), 1-4.
“Proverbs and the Evolution of Public Administration.” Public Administration Review 75 (January/February 2015), 15-24.
“Managerial Goals in a Performance Driven System: Theory and Empirical Tests in Higher Education.” Public Administration 93 (Number 1 2015), 17-33, with Amanda Rutherford.
“Taking Managerial Context Seriously: Public Management and Performance in U.S. and Denmark Schools.”
International Public Management Journal 18 (Number 1, 2015), 130-150, with Nathan Favero, Simon Calmar Andersen, Laurence J. O’Toole and Søren Winter.
“Performance Gaps and Managerial Decisions: A Bayesian Decision Theory of Managerial Action.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 25 (October 2015), 1221-1246, with Ling Zhu and Nathan Favero.
“The Validity of Subjective Performance Measures: School Principals in Texas and Denmark.” Public Administration 93 (Number 4 2015), 1084-1101 with Nathan Favero, Simon Calmar Andersen, Laurence J. O’Toole and Søren Winter.
“Social Context, Management, and Organizational Performance: When Human Capital and Social Capital Serve as Substitutes.” Public Management Review 18 (Number 2, 2016), 258-277 with Mallory Compton and Nathan Favero.
“Goals, Trust, Participation and Feedback: Linking Internal Management with Performance Outcomes.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 26 (Number 2, 2016), 327-343, with Nathan Favero and Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Managing Social Capital and Diversity in Public Organizations.” Public Administration 94 (Number 3, 2016), 609-629 with Mallory Compton.
“For the Want of a Nail: The Interaction of Managerial Capacity and Human Resources Management on Organizational Performance.” Public Administration Review 77: (Number 1, 2017), 118-130 with Erin K. Melton.
“Women and Public Administration in Comparative Perspective: The Case of Representation in Brazilian Local Governments.” Administration & Society 49 (Number 1 2017), 121-142 with Kendall Funk.
“Managing in the Regulatory Thicket: Regulation Legitimacy and Expertise.” Public Administration Review 77 (Number 3, 2017), 381-394 with Anna Amirkhanyan and Laurence J. O’Toole.
“Isopraxis Leadership: Leader Confidence, Managerial Strategy and Organizational Performance.” Chinese Public Administration Review 8 (Number 1, June 2017),47-64 with Laurence J. O’Toole.
“How Should We Estimate the Performance Effect of Management? Comparing Impacts of Public Managers' and Front-line Employees’ Perceptions of Management.” International Public Management Journal (forthcoming) with Nathan Favero, Simon Calmar Andersen, Laurence J. O’Toole and Søren Winter.
“Demographic Dreams, Institutional Realities: Election Design and Latino Representation in American Education.” Politics, Groups and Identities (forthcoming) with Angel L. Molina, Jr.
“Forty Acres and a Mule: Housing Programs and Policy Feedback for African Americans.” Politics, Groups and Identities (forthcoming) with Austin Johnson and Kristen Carroll.
“Public Management on the Ground: Clustering Managers Based on Their Behavior.” International Public Management Journal (forthcoming) with Mogens Pedersen, Vibeke Nielsen, and Nathan Favero.
“Management and Performance in US Nursing Homes.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory (forthcoming) with Anna Amirkhanyan, Laurence J. O’Toole, Mueen A. Dakhwe, and Shawn Janzen.
“Looking for Meaning in All the Wrong Places: Country Music and the Politics of Identity.” Social Science Quarterly (forthcoming).